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The Mechanism of Life, by St?phane Leduc : (full image Illustrated) St?phane Leduc (Author), W. DEANE BUTCHER (Translator) B00CGEH70O File Size: 3656 KB     BUY NOW Book Description :- The Mechanism of Life, by St?phane Leduc : (full image Illustrated) THE MECHANISM OF LIFE BY Dr. St?phane LEDUC PROFESSEUR ? L'?COLE DE M?DECINE DE NANTES TRANSLATED BY W. DEANE BUTCHER FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF THE R?NTGEN SOCIETY, AND OF THE ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICAL SECTION OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE Professor Leduc's Théorie Physico-chimique de la Vie et Générations Spontanées has excited a good deal of attention, and not a little opposition, on the Continent. As recently as 1907 the Académie des Sciences excluded from its Comptes Rendus the report of these experimental researches on diffusion and osmosis, because it touched too closely on the burning question of spontaneous generation. As the author points out, Lamarck's early evolutionary hypothesis was killed by opposition and neglect, and had to be reborn in England before it obtained universal acceptance as the Darwinian Theory. Not unnaturally, therefore, he turns for an appreciation of his work to the free air and wide horizon of the English-speaking countries. He has entitled his book "The Mechanism of Life," since however little we may know of the origin of life, we may yet hope to get a glimpse of the machinery, and perhaps even hear the whirr of the wheels in Nature's workshop. The subject is of entrancing interest to the biologist and the physician, quite apart from its bearing on the question of spontaneous generation. Whatever view may be entertained by the different schools of thought as to the nature and significance of life, all alike will welcome this new and important contribution to our knowledge of the mechanism by which Nature constructs the bewildering variety of her forms. There is, I think, no more wonderful and illuminating spectacle than that of an osmotic growth,?a crude lump of brute inanimate matter germinating before our very eyes, putting forth bud and stem and root and branch and leaf and fruit, with no stimulus from germ or seed, without even the presence of organic matter. For these mineral growths are not mere crystallizations as many suppose; they increase by intussusception and not by accretion. They exhibit the phenomena of circulation and respiration, and a crude sort of reproduction by budding; they have a period of vigorous youthful growth, of old age, of death and of decay. They imitate the forms, the colour, the texture, and even the microscopical structure of organic growth so closely as to deceive the very elect. When we find, moreover, that the processes of nutrition are carried on in these osmotic productions just as in living beings, that an injury to an osmotic growth is repaired by the coagulation of its internal sap, and that it is able to perform periodic movements just as an animal or a plant, we are at a loss to define any line of separation between these mineral forms and those of organic life. In the present volume the author has collected all the data necessary for a complete survey of the mechanism of life, which consists essentially of those phenomena which are exhibited at the contact of solutions of different degrees of concentration. Whatever may be the verdict as to the author's case for spontaneous generation, all will agree that the book is a most brilliant and stimulating study, founded on the personal investigation of a born experimenter. The present volume is a translation of Dr. Leduc's French edition, but it is more than this, the work has been translated, revised and corrected, and in many places re-written, by the author's own hand. I am responsible only for the English form of the treatise, and can but regret that I have been able to reproduce so CONTENTS Life and Living Beings Solutions Electrolytic Solutions Colloids Diffusion and Osmosis Periodicity Cohesion and Crystallization Karyokinesis Energetics Synthetic Biology Osmotic Growth: A Study in Morphogenesis The Phenomena of Life and Osmotic Productions: A Study in Physiogenesis Evolution and Spontaneous Generation.   Facts and fancies in modern science, Studies of the relations of science to prevalent speculations and religious belief by John William Dawson John William Dawson (Author) B00C72U9X2 File Size: 1254 KB     BUY NOW Book Description :- FACTS AND FANCIES IN MODERN SCIENCE: STUDIES OF THE RELATIONS OF SCIENCE TO PREVALENT SPECULATIONS AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF. BEING THE LECTURES ON THE SAMUEL A. CROZER FOUNDATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE CROZER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, FOR 1881. BY J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S. Etc. PHILADELPHIA: AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 1420 CHESTNUT STREET. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by the AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Westcott & Thomson, Stereotypers and Electrotypers, Philada. PREFACE. The object before the mind of the author in preparing these Lectures was to present a distinct and rational view of the present relation of scientific thought to the religious beliefs of men, and especially to the Christian revelation. The attempt to make science, or speculations based on science, supersede religion is one of the prevalent fancies of our time, and pervades much of the popular literature of the day. That such attempts can succeed the author does not believe. They have hitherto given birth only to such abortions as Positivism, Nihilism, and Pessimism. There is, however, a necessary relation and parallelism of all truths, physical and spiritual; and it is useful to clear away the apparent antagonisms which proceed from partial and imperfect views, and to point out the harmony which exists between the natural and the spiritual?between what man can learn from the physical creation, and what has been revealed to him by the Spirit of God. To do this with as much fairness as possible, and with due regard to the present state of knowledge and to the most important difficulties that are likely to be met with by honest inquirers, is the purpose of the following pages. It is proper to add that, in order to give completeness to the discussion, it has been necessary to introduce, in some of the lectures, topics previously treated of by the author, in a similar manner, in publications bearing his name. J. W. D. April, 1882. CONTENTS GENERAL RELATIONS OF SCIENCE AND AGNOSTIC SPECULATION. THE SCIENCE OF LIFE AND MONISTIC EVOLUTION. EVOLUTION AS TESTED BY THE RECORDS OF THE ROCKS. THE ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF MAN. NATURE AS A MANIFESTATION OF MIND. SCIENCE AND REVELATION.   Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt, by Eugene S. Ferguson : (full image Illustrated) Eugene S. Ferguson (Author) B00CFRC0VS File Size: 1125 KB     BUY NOW Book Description :- Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt, by Eugene S. Ferguson : (full image Illustrated) CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY PAPER 27 CONTENTS JAMES WATT, KINEMATIC SYNTHESIST 187 TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE 199 SCHOLARS AND MACHINES 209 MECHANICIANS AND MECHANISMS 216 MECHANISMS IN AMERICA, 1875-1955 223 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 229 KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS FROM THE TIME OF WATT In an inventive tour de force that seldom, if ever, has been equalled for its brilliance and far-reaching consequences, James Watt radically altered the steam engine not only by adding a separate condenser but by creating a whole new family of linkages. His approach was largely empirical, as we use the word today. This study suggests that, despite the glamor of today's sophisticated methods of calculation, a highly developed intuitive sense, reinforced by a knowledge of the past, is still indispensable to the design of successful mechanisms. THE AUTHOR: Eugene S. Ferguson, formerly curator of mechanical and civil engineering in the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, is now professor of mechanical engineering at Iowa State University of Science and Technology. In engineering schools today, a student is introduced to the kinematics of mechanisms by means of a course of kinematic analysis, which is concerned with principles underlying the motions occurring in mechanisms. These principles are demonstrated by a study of mechanisms already in existence, such as the linkage of a retractable landing gear, computing mechanisms, mechanisms used in an automobile, and the like. A systematic, if not rigorous, approach to the design of gears and cams also is usually presented in such a course. Until recently, however, no serious attempt was made to apply the principles developed in kinematic analysis to the more complex problem of kinematic synthesis of linkages. By kinematic synthesis is meant the designing of a linkage to produce a given series of motions for a particular purpose. That a rational?numerical or geometrical?approach to kinematic synthesis is possible is a relatively recent idea, not yet fully accepted; but it is this idea that is responsible for the intense scholarly interest in the kinematics of mechanisms that has occurred in this country within the last 10 years. This scholarly activity has resulted in the rediscovery of many earlier works on the subject, and nearly all the scholars now working in this field have acknowledged in one way or another their debt to those who arrived on the scene at an earlier time than they. There have been occasional reviews of the sequence and nature of developments, but the emphasis naturally has been upon the recent past. It seems to me that there is something to be gained in looking beyond our own generation, or even beyond the time of Franz Reuleaux (1829-1905), who is generally credited with originating many of our modern concepts of mechanism analysis and design, and to inquire into the ideas that made possible Reuleaux's contributions. Take to Kinematics. It will repay you. It is more fecund than geometry; it adds a fourth dimension to space. ?Chebyshev to Sylvester, 1873 While no pretense of completeness is made, I have tried in this paper to trace the high points in the development of kinematic analysis and synthesis, both in academic circles and in the workshop, noting where possible the influence of one upon the other. If I have devoted more space to particular people and episodes than is warranted by their contributions to the modern treatment of the subject, it is because I have found that the history of kinematics of mechanisms, like the history of any other branch of engineering, is more interesting and more plausible if it is recognized that its evolutionary development is the result of human activity. This history was wrought by people like us, no less intelligent and no less subject than we are to environment, to a subjective way of looking at   Practical Mechanics For Boys, by J. S. Zerbe, M.E. : (full image Illustrated) J. S. Zerbe (Author) B00CA5K8RS File Size: 1653 KB     BUY NOW Book Description :- Practical Mechanics For Boys, by J. S. Zerbe, M.E. : (full image Illustrated) I. On Tools Generally Varied Requirements. List of Tools. Swivel Vises. Parts of Lathe. Chisels. Grinding Apparatus. Large Machines. Chucks. Bench Tools. Selecting a Lathe. Combination Square. Micrometers. Protractors. Utilizing Bevel Protractors. Truing Grindstones. Sets of Tools. The Work Bench. The Proper Dimensions. How Arranged. II. How to Grind and Sharpen Tools III. Setting and Holding Tools V. How to Commence Work VI. Illustrating Some of the Fundamental Devices VII. Properties of Materials VIII. How Draughting Becomes a Valuable Aid IX. Treatment and Use of Metals X. On Gearing, and How Ordered XI. Mechanical Power XII. On Measures XIV. Simplicity of Great Inventions and of Nature's Manifestation XV. Workshop Recipes and Formulas XVI. Handy Tables XVII. Inventions and Patents, and Information About the Rights and Duties of Inventors and Workmen Glossary of Words Index PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS INTRODUCTORY The American method of teaching the mechanical arts has some disadvantages, as compared with the apprentice system followed in England, and very largely on the continent. It is too often the case that here a boy or a young man begins work in a machine shop, not for the avowed purpose of learning the trade, but simply as a helper, with no other object in view than to get his weekly wages. Abroad, the plan is one which, for various reasons, could not be tolerated here. There he is bound for a certain term of years, and with the prime object of teaching him to become an artisan. More often than otherwise he pays for this privilege, and he knows it is incumbent on him "to make good" right from the start. He labors under the disadvantage, however, that he has a certain tenure, and in that course he is not pushed forward from one step to the next on account of any merit of his own. His advancement is fixed by the time he has put in at each part of the work, and thus no note is taken of his individuality. Here the boy rises step after step by virtue of his own qualifications, and we recognize that one boy has the capacity to learn faster than another. If he can learn in one year what it requires three in another to acquire, in order to do it as perfectly, it is an injury to the apt workman to be held back and deterred from making his way upwardly. It may be urged that the apprentice system instills thoroughness. This may be true; but it also does another thing: It makes the man a mere machine. The true workman is a thinker. He is ever on the alert to find easier, quicker and more efficient means for doing certain work. What is called "Efficiency" in labor methods, can never obtain in an apprenticeship system for this reason. In a certain operation, where twelve motions are required to do a certain thing, and a minute to perform the twelve operations, a simplified way, necessitating only eight motions, means a difference in saving one-third of the time. The nineteen hundred fewer particular movements in a day's work, being a less strain on the operator, both physically and mentally, to say nothing whatever of the advantages which the proprietor of the shop would gain. I make this a leading text in the presentation of this book; namely, that individual merit and stimulus is something of such extreme importance that it should be made the keynote for every boy who tries to become a mechanic. The machinist easily occupies a leading place in the multitude of trades and occupations. There is hardly an article of use but comes to the market through his hands. His labor is most diverse, and in his employment doing machine work he is called upon to do things which vary widely in their character. These require special knowledge, particular tools, and more frequently than otherwise, a high order of inventive ability to enable him to accomplish the task. The boy should be taught, at the outset, that certain things must be learned thoroughly, and that     [Prev] 1 ... 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 137 [Next]